Clinicopathological and immunohistochemical analysis of anaplastic large cell lymphoma

To study the clinicopathological and immunohistochemical features of Anaplastic Large Cell Lyrnphorna [ALCL]. The study design was cross sectional descriptive study. The study was conducted in Armed forces institute of pathology. The duration of study was two years from 1[st] Jan 2010 to 31st Dec 2011. A total of twenty five consecutive biopsy proven cases of anaplastic large cell lymphoma [ALCL] were selected through non probability, consecutive sampling. The inclusion criteria was, all newly diagnosed patients of ALCL having sufficient tumour material in paraffin embedded tissue blocks with appropriate clinical information regarding age, gender and anatomic location. The exclusion criteria included all poorly fixed specimen. The clinical information regarding age, gender and location was noted. All the cases were evaluated on Haematoxylin and Eosin [H and E]. Cases were subjected to Immunohistochemistry [IHC] using CD45 [LCA], CD3, CD 45 RO, CD 15, CD20, CD 30, ALK, EMA, Cytokeratin and classified according to WHO classification of lymphoid neoplasm. Twenty five cases of anaplastic large cell lymphoma were reported during this time period. Out of 25 cases, 22[88%] were ALCL ALK positive, 2[8%] were ALCL ALK negative and 1[4%] case was cutaneous ALCL. The male to female ratio was 2.5:1. The age range was between 6 years and 70 years with majority of cases in third decade. Seventy six percent were nodal and rest were extranodal. The cervical lymph nodes were the commonest nodal group involved making 15[60%] cases followed by 3 [12%] cases of axillary lymph nodes. The histopathological appearance showed complete effacement of architecture in 17 [68%] of cases followed by sinusoidal distribution in 6[24%] cases while partial effacement of architecture in 2 [8%] of cases. All the cases were positive for CD30 while 23 [92%] cases for CD3, 22 [88%] cases for ALK and 19 [76%] cases positive for EMA. ALK negative lymphomas were 3 [12%] cases. Anaplastic large cell lymphoma is more common in males and young adults. Nodal involvement is more common. Majority of cases show complete effacement of architecture. All cases are CD 30 positive. Most of cases are anaplastic lymphoma kinase antigen positive

CD 10 expression intensity in various grades and stages of urothelial carcinoma of urinary bladder

To evaluate CD 10 expression in urothelial carcinoma of the urinary bladder and the association of immunohistochemical [IHC] CD10 expression intensity with grade and stage. Study Design: Descriptive cross-sectional analytical study. Armed Forces Institute of Pathology, Rawalpindi, from January to December 2011. Methodology: Fifty consecutive cases of urothelial bladder carcinomas, obtained through transurethral resections, were included in this study. Hematoxylin-eosin [HE] stained sections from each case were re-evaluated histopathologically according to WHO 2004 grading system. The TNM system was used for pathologic staging. On selected slides IHC CD10 marker was applied and a semiquantitative scoring for its expression based on the percentage of positive cells and intensity was performed. Data was entered and analysed on SPSS version 17. Fisher's exact test was used to compare grades, stages of urothelial carcinoma with CD 10 expression and age groups. P < 0.05 was taken as level of significance. Results: Urothelial carcinoma was more common in males. The male to female ratio was 9:1. The older patients > 50 years had higher grade and stage as compared to the younger patients. All cases of high grade urothelial carcinoma showed higher positivity for CD 10. Twenty cases [86.95%] of high grade urothelial carcinoma were positive with +2 immunostaining while 3 cases [13.04%] were positive with +1 staining. None of the tumors of stage pTa was positive for CD 10 expression. Of all patients with stage pT 1 tumor, 1 case [5.3%] was CD 10 negative and 17 cases [89.9%] were CD 10 positive having +1 staining with 5 - 50% staining and 1 case [5.3%] had +2 staining with more then 50% expression. Out of all patients with stage pT 2, no tumor was CD 10 negative, 3 [13.6%] patients were CD 10 positive with +1 staining and 19 [86.4%] with stage pT 2 tumor had stained positive with +2 staining. CD 10 expression was greater in high grade and invasive urothelial carcinomas; it may be associated with tumor progression in bladder cancer pathogenesis

Optimization of biological synthesis of silver nanoparticles using Fusarium oxysporum

Silver nanoparticles are increasingly used in various fields of biotechnology and applications in the medicine. Objectives of this study were optimization of production of silver nanoparticles using biotransformations by Fusarium oxysporum, and a further study on the location of nanoparticles synthesis in this microorganism. The reaction mixture contained the following ingredients [final concentrations]: AgNO[3] [1-10 mM] as the biotransformation substrate, biomass as the biocatalyst, glucose [560 mM] as the electron donor, and phosphate buffer [pH= 7, 100 mM]. The samples were taken from the reaction mixtures at different times, and the absorbance [430 nm] of the colloidal suspensions of silver nanoparticles hydrosols was read freshly [without freezing] and immediately after dilution [1:40]. SEM and TEM analyses were performed on selected samples. The presence of AgNO[3] [0.1 mM] in the culture as enzyme inducer, and glucose [560 mM] as electron donor had positive effects on nanoparticle production. In SEM micrographs, silver nanoparticles were almost spherical, single [25-50 nm] or in aggregates [100 nm], attached to the surface of biomass. The reaction mixture was successfully optimized to increase the yield of silver nanoparticles production. More details of the location of nanoparticles production by this fungus were revealed, which support the hypothesis that silver nanoparticles are synthesized intracellularly and not extracellularly